Introduction to word processing with Abiword
Introduction
Copyright
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the appendix entitled "GNU Free Documentation License" at the end of this document.
Synopsis
Abiword is a free word processor that is licensed under the GNU Public license. It provides most of the features that are normally found in a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) word processor, including spell checking, the ability to have various fonts, as well as displaying on-screen what the document will look like when printed.
The way that Abiword works is also very similar to most other word processing programs that are available on the market at the moment, and so skills in Abiword will translate well into skills with most other word processing software.
Abiword remains a work in progress. It provides many features that are commonly associated with other word processors, however some of its features are not yet complete. Nonetheless as work continues, updates of the Abiword word-processor will continue to become available on their web-site http://www.abisource.com.
This manual is also a work in progress. It may contain errors. If you find any errors in the document, please notify the author - David Buddrige on buddrige@wasp.net.au so that they can be corrected.
Some of the advantages of Abiword are as follows:
An open file format; many proprietary word processors use a file-format that is not disclosed. This means that once you have created a lot of documents using that format it becomes very difficult to change to any other word processor since other programs are not able to read the documents that you have created. Furthermore, by changing the document format every so often, the vendor is able to force you to purchase the next version - even if it does not provide you with any benefit in terms of features that you can justify the upgrade cost for.
Because it is free software (that is, the source code is freely available), bugs in the program can be fixed much faster because programmers from around the world have access to the code. Most proprietary word processing programs on the other hand may take a great deal longer to have bugs fixed because you must wait for the company that owns the word processor to find the time to assign a programmer to fix it. Also, the company will often require the users to pay for an upgrade containing fixes to the buggy program whereas bug fixes to free software such as Abiword are available for no charge.
Another advantage of Abiword is that, being free software it is not only legal to share the program with your friends, such sharing the software is actually encouraged.
Abiword runs on many different operating systems. This means that if you use Abiword as your main word processing program, rather than being tied to a particular operating system, you can be free to use any other operating system at some point in the future with no problems with transition. This allows for a great deal of choice when people are deciding what operating system that they prefer to use on their computer.
It is easy to use. Abiword is designed to work in much the same way as most other easy to use word processors. Using a combination of menus, icons and the graphical representation of the document on-screen as it will appear on the printed page, Abiword is a very easy to use word-processing program.
The Table test
Added by STRASSER Michel, because there was no table in the original document
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The Abiword Window
The Abiword window has a number of different components. These are described below.
The title bar
Every X program has a title bar. The title bar normally displays information such as the name of the program, the file that is currently open. You can also use the title bar to move the Abiword window around your screen.
Other features of the title bar are governed by the window manager that you are using. For the purposes of this manual it will be assumed that the fvwm95 window manager is in use. This is the standard window manager used for Computer Angels supplied computers. If you are using a different window manager, the behaviour of the title bar may differ from that described in this manual.
To move the abiword window using the titlebar:
Point the mouse cursor at the (blue or grey) middle section of the title bar and then hold down the left mouse button.
By dragging the mouse, you can move the Abiword window around the screen.
This technique will work for all X programs that you use.
Using the titlebar buttons:
The title bar has five buttons with the following uses:
Button Name Description
Control Button This button allows you to bring up a menu of windowing options.
Minimise This button will remove the window from the screen, leaving it only on the task bar.
Maximise This button will cause the Abiword to take up the entire screen area. It also causes the maximise button to change into a Restore button.
Close This button will close the Abiword window. If there is only one Abiword window it will also close the program.
Restore This button will restore a maximised window to the size it was prior to being maximised. It will also change the restore button into a Maximise button.
The Menu bar
The menu bar allows you to choose commands that Abiword is capable of performing. The menu bar has on it, a series of words. Each word displayed will have a single letter that is underlined. This means that you can access that menu by holding down the <Alt> key on your keyboard and then pressing the letter that is underlined. For example, to pull down the File menu, you can hold down the <Alt> key and press "F". For a detailed description of each of the commands available with the menu bar, see the Appendix entitled "Menu Commands".
The toolbars
The toolbars present shortcut ways to perform commands that are also available via the menu bar. Every command that is available via a toolbar button is also available via the menu, however not all menu commands have a corresponding toolbar button. Toolbar buttons are typically used to quickly access commonly used menu commands.
There are three toolbars available for Abiword. These are as follows:
Standard Toolbar
This toolbar provides access to the most commonly used operations, including creating a new file, saving the current document, printing the current document along with cut, copy and paste functions.
Formatting Toolbar
The formatting toolbar provides quick access to the most commonly used text formatting functions. These include the ability to choose the current font, font size and whether the current (or selected) paragraph is centered, justified left or justified right. It also provides access to bold, italics and underlining.
Extra Toolbar
The extra toolbar provides access to some of the more obscure commands that may also be used. These functions include inserting bookmarks and links into the document (used for navigating the document when it is made into a web page), as well as the paragraph spacing, access to headers and footers and the ability to sub or super-script a selection of text.
To find out what each button on the toolbar does:
Point the mouse cursor at the button of interest.
After about 1 second a short description will be displayed indicating the purpose of each button.
The Ruler
The ruler provides the ability to see the physical measurements of the document when it is printed. The measurements can be in inches, millimeters or points.It can also be used to modify the paragraph layout of your document.
As well as giving a visual guide to the dimentions of the document when printed, the ruler also allows you to set tabs and other paragraph formats. The components are described below:
Name Description
Left Margin selector This allows you to set the left hand margin of the document by dragging this box to the desired point for the left margin.
First Line Indent Selector By dragging this triangle to any specified point, you are able to set the indent point for the first line in the paragraph
Subsequent Line Indent Selector By dragging this triangle to any specified point, you can set the indent point for all lines in the paragraph except the first line.
Right Margin selector Dragging this triangle allows you to set the right hand margin.
Tab selector Each time you click on the Tab selector with the left mouse button, it will toggle between several different types of tabs. These are described below.
Tab Selector States
State Name Description
Left justified tab Text will be left justified with this tab as the left hand margin.
Center justified tab Text will be center justified with this tab as the center point.
Right justified tab Text will be right justified with this tab as the right hand margin.
Move text left from this tab Text will extend left from this point.
Move text right from this tab Text will be moved right from this tab.
Using the ruler to set tabs:
As with most professional word processor's, Abiword allows you to set tab marks. To set a tab using the ruler:
Click on the tab selector with the left mouse button, until it displays the kind of tab you wish to set.
Click on the grey strip below the ruler (on which the left margin selector sits) at the point where you want to set the tab.
A tab mark will then be displayed on the ruler at the specified point.
Once you have set a tab mark, when you press the <Tab> key on the keyboard the cursor will jump to the next point across the page where a tab mark is set.
The document
The document is where the actual work occurs. There are three ways to view the document. These are:
Normal Layout
Web Layout
Print Layout
When the document is set to display in Normal Layout, it will be displayed using the maximum amount of screen space available to it. This is very useful, when you are using a monitor that is of limted size.
When the document is set to display in Web Layout, it will appear on-screen as though it was being displayed in a web browser on the internet.
When the document is set to display in Print Layout it will be displayed on screen as it will look when printed out. It will for example, show the edges of the paper between the margins and the edge of the paper. This is particularly useful when you want to see what the document will look like before you actually print it out.
To toggle between Normal, Web and Print layout:
Click on the View menu.
A menu will be displayed on screen.
Click on Normal Layout, Web Layout or Print Layout depending on which view of your document you wish to use.
The scroll bars
The scroll bars allow you to view other parts of your document and to see what part of the document you are currently viewing relative to the entire document. There are two scroll bars. A verticle scrollbar and a horisontal scrollbar.
The verticle scrollbar
The verticle scrollbar shows the relative position in the document of the currently visible portion of the document from top to bottom.
The horisontal scrollbar
The horisontal scrollbar allows you to see what part of the width of the document is currently visible. In most cases, since a document is only ever of limited width, most of the document will be visible at the same time. Subsequently the bar showing the relative position of the document that is visible on screen will take up most of the width of the document.
The status bar
The status bar displays information about the document and the text at the current cursor position.
Tutorial
This section is a tutorial that will lead you through using Abiword's main features.
Creating and saving your first document
To start off with, we will create a basic document and save it to the hard drive of the computer.
Click the Start button, choose Applications, Word processing, Abiword.
The Abiword program will start, displaying a blank document.
Type a few sentences into the document using the keyboard. If you can't think of anything to type, enter the following:
This is my first Abiword document. Today I am learning how to use it. Abiword is very similar to most professional word processing packages. Because of this, skills in Abiword transfer well to most other tools used in offices today.
Click on the File menu, and choose the Save menu option.
The following dialogue box will be displayed.
Type the name "my first document" into the Selection field.
The dialogue box should now look like the diagram picture below.
Click the OK button.
The document will be saved to the hard-drive. The document name will be displayed in the Abiword titlebar, as in the diagram below.
Click the File menu and choose the Close option.
This will close the document, and present a blank document.
Congratulations! You have just created your first Abiword document and saved it to the hard-drive. This means that the document remains on the computer even after you have turned off the computer, and it can be retrieved when you next log onto the computer.
Retrieving a document using Abiword
Very often, you will want to retrieve a document that you have already been working on so as to continue working on it. What we are going to do now is to load the document that we just closed into Abiword so that we can continue working with it.
Click the File menu, and choose the Open option.
The following dialogue box will be displayed.
Use the scrollbar (if necessary) to scroll the File list until you can see "my first document", then click on it with the left mouse button.
The dialogue box should look as below.
Click the OK button.
The file will be opened and displayed on screen.
Formatting your document
So far we have created a new file, entered some text and saved it. We have then closed and re-opened the document to show that it has been saved to the disk where it can be retrieved as needed. At this point, we are going to perform some formatting on the text to see what kinds of text styles can be applied to the document that we have written.
Formatting can be applied to new text that you enter, or it can be applied to already entered text. If you choose formatting commands prior to entering text, then having chosen the formatting command, any text that you type will have the selected formatting.
If you select some text, and then choose formatting commands, then the formatting will be applied to the selected text.
This next section will describe how to select text that you want to apply formatting to, and then to apply the formatting.
Select some text
Point the mouse cursor at the start of the text you want to apply some formatting to.
Hold down the left mouse button.
Drag the mouse until it points at the end of the text that you want to apply formatting to.
You should see something like this.
Selecting different fonts
Having selected the text, any formatting commands that you select will be applied to the text that you have selected. Follow these instructions to apply formatting to the selected text.
Click on the Format menu and choose the Font option.
The following dialogue box will be displayed.
Note that the text that you have selected is displayed in the bottom section of the dialogue box. This allows us to get a preview of what will happen to the text when we click the OK button. Try clicking on different fonts to see the change that it makes on the selected text. You may also wish to experiment with the other tabs such as Colour and Highlight Color tabs.
Once you have finished choosing the font, colour and highlight colour that you want, click the OK button.
Note that the text that you have selected has been changed according to the options you selected.
Making the paragraph markers visible
Abiword documents consist of a sequence of paragraphs. A new paragraph is created each time you press the Enter key. The end of each paragraph is marked with an end-of-paragraph marker. Normally, these markers are invisible by default, however you can make them visible. This is quite useful when you are working with multiple paragraph formats so that you can see clearly where one paragraph ends and another begins.
The easiest way to make the paragraph markers visible is to click the button on the toolbar. This is normally located near the right hand side of the main toolbar.
Make the paragraph markers visible by clicking the button.
You will see a ¶ symbol at the end of each paragraph.
NOTE: Although you can now see the paragraph markers on the screen at the end of each paragraph, these will not appear on the document when it is printed.
Performing cut and paste operations
One of the things that are often done using word processing software is to cut and paste text. This feature allows you to move text from one place to another in your document.
Highlight the first paragraph in your document.
(If you entered the suggested text, there is only one paragraph in the document). You should see something like this.
Pull down the Edit menu and choose Cut.
The text disappears. What has happened is that Abiword has removed the text from your document and stored it in a temporary area of memory called the clipboard. You can insert whatever is in the clipboard into your document by choosing the Paste command from the Edit menu, which is our next step.
Pull down the Edit menu and choose Paste.
The text is re-inserted into the document.
Pull down the Edit menu and choose the Paste option again.
You will note that the text is inserted into the document a second time, so that it is now repeated twice in the document. It should look something like this.
Make sure that the cursor is at the very end of the document, and then press Enter.
The cursor goes to the beginning of the next line.
Pull down the Edit menu, and choose Paste again.
The text that you cut is inserted for a third time. This time however it is in a new paragraph of its own.
Press the Enter key again.
Once again the cursor goes to the beginning of the next line.
Pull down the Edit menu, and choose Paste again.
The text that you cut is inserted for a fourth time. It should look as follows
Note that there are several paragraphs of text in your document. We will now use these paragraphs to experiment with paragraph formatting.
Formatting paragraphs
As well as selecting the font that you want to use, Abiword allows you to adjust the way paragraphs are formatted.
Any paragraph formatting you choose is applied to the current paragraph (if there is no selection), or alternately, to all of the selected paragraphs.
Click the mouse once on the first paragraph.
Pull down the Format menu and choose Paragraph.
The following dialogue box will be displayed.
Click on the box next to Alignment that currently contains the word Left.
A list is displayed with the options: Left, Centred, Right, Justified.
Click on the option Right.
Click the OK button.
The document should now look something like this.
Note that the first paragraph is now lined up on the right hand border. This is called "Right justification", and we say that the paragraph is "right justified". The other justifications that can be done are centered - which as the name suggests would line up each line in the middle of the page, and "Justified", which spreads the text out so that the text is lined up against both left and right hand margins, in the same manner as newspaper articles. You may wish to experiment with setting the paragraph alignment to these other options to see their effect.
Place the cursor in the first paragraph again by pointing at it with the mouse cursor and clicking once with the left mouse button.
Pull down the Format menu and choose the Paragraph option.
The Paragraph dialogue box is displayed.
Enter the value 12 into the Before field.
Click the OK button.
The document will look like this.
Note that there is now a blank line after the paragraph. Using this technique you can get Abiword to handle paragraph spacing for you.
Using Styles
While it is possible to design a document by setting the paragraph formats and fonts manually, this has a number of drawbacks. Firstly, it tends to lead to a document that has a range of contrasting fonts and lacks consistency. Secondly, if you decide you want to change the font for the entire document, this must be done at each point in the document where a new font is used.
A better way to format your document is to use styles. A style is a predefined set of font and paragraph formats that may be used for a particular purpose. Abiword comes with a number of pre-defined styles for a range of purposes.
You can see the pre-defined styles that Abiword provides by clicking on the Style tool on the toolbar. When you first start Abiword, it will be displaying the Normal style, however if you click the pull-down box (that looks like a downward pointing triangle), a list of alternative styles is displayed. See the diagram below:
The default style, when you start a new document, is Normal. The other styles that are available are described below:
Style Name Description
Block Text This style is used when you are quoting large chunks of text.
Box List This bulleted list uses boxes for the bullets.
Bullet List This is a simple bulleted list that uses dots as the bullets.
Chapter Heading This is a numbered heading style
Dashed List The dashed list is a kind of bulleted list using dashes for the bullets.
Diamond List This is another kind of bulleted list using diamonds for bullets.
Hand List This is a bulleted list that uses hand symbols for the bullets.
Heading 1 This style is used for main headings for your document. For example, for chapter headings.
Heading 2 This is for your chapter sub-headings. It uses a slightly smaller font.
Heading 3 For you
Heart List This is another bulleted list, using hearts for the bullets.
Implies List This is a bulleted list that uses the Þ symbol for the bullets.
Lower Case List This is a numbered list that uses lower case letters for each item.
Lower Roman List This is a numbered list style that uses lower-case Roman numerals.
Numbered Heading 1 This style is the same as Heading 1 except that it automatically adds a number to the heading.
Numbered Heading 2 This is the same as Heading 2 except that it automatically adds numbers. It will automatically pick up the number of the last Numbered Heading 1 and incorporate that into this number. So if the last Numbered Heading 1 was 1. Heading, then this style will become 1.n where n is the number of this heading.
Numbered Heading 3 This is the same as Heading 3 except that it automatically adds numbers. It will automatically pick up the number of the last Numbered Heading 1 and Numbered Heading 2 and incorporate that into the number. So if the last Numbered Heading 1 was 1 and the last Numbered Heading 2 was 1.4 then this heading will be 1.4.n where n is the number of this heading.
Numbered List This is a straight numbered list - not a heading, but just a numbered list of points. This is the style that is used for the step-by-step instructions in this manual.
Plain Text This style makes the text look as though it was written with a typewriter.
Section Heading This creates a numbered section heading. The word "Section" is added automatically, as well as the consecutive numbering.
Square List This bulleted list uses square's as the bullets.
Star List This is a bulleted list that uses star symbols for the bullets.
Tick List This is this a bulleted list that uses tick symbols (3) for the bullets.
Triangle List This is a bulleted lsit that uses triangle symbols for the bullets.
Upper Case List This is a numbered list that uses consecutive letters in upper case as the numbers.
Upper Roman List This numbered list uses upper case Roman numerals for the numbering.
NOTE: There are lots of styles that do very similar or identical things. You do not have to use Chapter heading for your chapters if you prefer the look of Numbered Heading 1 or even just Heading 1. There are a range of styles predefined, and you can also create your own. Use whichever style you think is most useful for the task at hand.
Using these styles you are able to put together a document that is consistently formatted, while at the same time retaining the ability to change the formatting of the entire document in a very straightforward way. If you use Heading 1 throughout your document whenever you want a main heading, then if you change the Heading 1 style, that change will be reflected throughout your document automatically.
Move the cursor to the very beginning of your document.
You can do this by holding down the Ctrl button and then tapping the Home button.
Press the Enter key to make a blank paragraph at the beginning of your document.
Move the cursor back to the first line.
Click the pull-down button associated with the style selector.
The list of styles is displayed.
Select the Heading 1 style.
The text will change a larger, bold font.
Type in "My first heading", and then press the Enter key.
Notice that the style for the newly created line has gone back to Normal.
One of the handy things about the headings styles is that they automatically return you to normal text after you press the Enter key. If you had simply changed the font in order to make your heading, this font would be retained when you start the next paragraph, and you would subsequently have to manually change it back to the font for normal text. This feature is a part of all of the various headings styles that are available.
Exercise 1::
Try out each of the styles in the list of available styles to see what effect they have on your text.
Creating a new style
You may decide that you do not particularly like the styles as they are provided in the default Abiword installation. If you so choose you can create a new style that is more to your liking. For example, the default "Normal" style does not leave any blank space after each paragraph. If you want to always have a blank line between each paragraph, then you can create your own normal-text style with this format.
Pull down the Format menu and choose the Style option.
The following dialogue box will be displayed.
Click on the New button.
The following dialogue is displayed.
This dialogue box has the following features.
Field Purpose
Style Name You should enter the name of your new style into this field.
Style Type This allows you to select the kind of style you want to create. There are text styles which relate primarily to the text font, and paragraph styles that apply to an entire paragraph.
Based On You can create a style that starts with the settings of an existing style.
Style for following paragraph This field controls the style that will be selected after you press the Enter key. The way the heading styles are able to switch to the Normal style when you press the Enter key.
Remove Property from Style This button allows you to remove a particular property from a style.
OK Clicking this button will apply any changes that you have made and close this dialogue box.
Cancel Clicking this button will close this dialogue box but discard any changes you have made to the styles.
Format Clicking this combo box will allow you to select the fonts and paragraph formats that you want as part of the style that you are working on.
Enter a name for your style into the Style Name field - call it "Text".
Click on the Format button.
A list is displayed (see diagram below)
Click on the Paragraph option.
The Paragraph dialogue box is displayed (as below).
Make your selections for paragraph formatting.
Click the OK button when you are satisfied with the paragraph settings you have selected.
Click the Paragraph button.
A list is displayed.
Choose the Font option.
The following dialogue box is displayed.
Make your font selections.
Click the OK button.
Click the OK button.
Click the Close button.
Click the pull down button associated with the style list on the toolbar and try out your new style.
Exercise 2::
Go into the style dialogue box and create a new heading style that switches to your Text style when you press the Enter button.
Spell Checking your document
One of the particularly useful aspects of using a word-processor is that you can get the computer to check your spelling for you.
Deliberately misspell a word in your document.
Pull down the Tools menu and choose the Spelling option.
A sub-menu is displayed.
Select the Spelling option.
The computer will find your first spelling error and bring up a dialogue box like this:
This dialogue box has the following options:
Field Purpose
Ignore If you click this button, the spell checker will ignore the spelling error it has just found.
Ignore All If you click this button, the spell checker will ignore all occurrences of the current spelling error in the document.
Add Clicking this button adds the current spelling error to the dictionary, so that it is no longer considered a spelling error.
Change This button will replace the misspelled word with the currently selected word in the bottom half of the dialogue box.
Change All Choosing this option will cause the spell checker to replace all occurrences of the misspelled word with the currently selected word in the bottom half of the dialogue box.
Cancel Clicking this button will abort the spell-check.
Change to: This field shows the word that will replace the misspelled word if you click the Change or Change All buttons.
Select the correct word from the list in the bottom half of the dialogue box and click the Change All button.
The computer should now find the next misspelled word, however in the version of Abiword I am currently running, the spell check completes at this point. This seems to be a bug in Abiword that will no doubt be corrected in a version coming soon.
Other ways to spell check your document
If you misspell a word, Abiword automatically underlines the word with a jagged red line. (See picture below).
If you click on the underlined word with the right hand mouse button, you will get a menu of possible correct spellings displayed (see below).
You can then select the correct spelling and the document will be automatically updated.
Inserting symbols into your document
Abiword provides a number of commonly used symbols that you may want to insert into your document at different times. Everything from mathematical symbols such as å and p, to copyright and trade-mark symbols such as ã and Ô can be used.
To insert a symbol:
Pull down the Insert menu and choose the Symbol option.
The following dialogue box is displayed.
Click on the symbol you want.
Click the Insert button.
Click the Close button.
You will notice that the symbol has been inserted into your document.
Note that as well as the standard Symbols, there are also a range of other characters that can be inserted. If you bring up the Symbol dialogue box by pulling down the Insert menu and choosing Symbol and then click on the drop-down combo box where it says "Symbol", you can choose symbol characters from each of the fonts that are available (see diagram below).
Exercise 3:
Try out the Dingbats font in the symbol dialogue box.
You may also wish to see what other symbols are provided by other fonts.
Setting tabs
Consider the ruler, that we briefly looked at at the beginning of this course.
The ruler allows us to set tabs and indentation of our margins.
You can set a tab by choosing the type of tab you want by clicking the tab selector until it displays the correct tab, and then clicking on the ruler at the location where you want to place the tab. A description of the different tab stop types is given on page 6.
Move the cursor to the far left side of the screen.
Select the L shaped tab and click on the ruler about half way across the page.
Press the Tab key once.
You will notice that the cursor has jumped across the page to the point that you have set the tab on the ruler.
Tabs are useful for when you want to have columns of information lined up. As at version 1.02 of Abiword, there are no tables available (these will be in a later version of the program). Tabs can be used for the time being when columns of information are desired.
Exercise 4
Try out the different kinds of tabs available by clicking on the Tab Selector and then setting that kind of tab by clicking on the ruler. Use the Tab key on the keyboard to move the cursor to each tab-stop and try typing some text to see the effect that each kind of tab provides.
Setting indents and alignments
You can get Abiword to automatically control the indenting of each paragraph you enter. This is most often used when creating tables of information, where the information may go over several lines.
Basic Tasks
This section describes the tasks most commonly performed when using Abiword.
Creating a new document
Pull down the File menu and choose New.
A new window will be created with a blank document.
Saving your document for the first time
Click on the File menu and choose the Save option.
If you have not saved this particular document before, the following Save As dialogue box will be displayed. Otherwise the document will immediately be saved with its existing name.
Enter the name of your document in the Selection field.
Use the directory selector to choose the place you wish to save the document.
Click the OK button to save the document.
Saving your document with a different name
Sometimes you will want to save your document with a different name. Reasons for doing this, may be that you want to change the document around but want to retain a copy of the original so that you can always return to that document if the modified version becomes to messed up.
To do this, perform the following steps:
Pull down the File menu and choose Save As.
The following dialogue box will be displayed
The name of your existing document will already be entered in the Selection field. However you can change the name if you so desire. Alternately you may wish to change the Save file as type field so that instead of saving your document as an Abiword document, you can save it using the file-format of an alternative word processing package that is being used by the person with whom you wish to share the document. In this case, by clicking on the selector box next to the Save file as type field you can bring up a list of possible file formats. By then clicking the mouse cursor on the format you desire you will select that format. Finally, you can choose where you want to save your document either by using the directory listing in the Directories list box field to navigate through the file system or by using the directory selector that is directly between the Directories and Files list, and the Create Dir, Delete File and Rename File buttons
When you have selected the new name, location and file-format for your document, click the OK button.
Importing Word for Windows documents
It is often the case that you will receive documents that have been written using other word processors. Probably the most common of these is Microsoft Word. Abiword is able to read most kinds of documents, and can even save documents using these kinds of formats, so that you are able to send documents to other people and be confident that they will be able to read them.
Pull down the File menu and choose Open.
The open file dialogue box will be displayed.
Note that by default Abiword will attempt to automatically detect the kind of document that you are trying to open. However if for some reason it is not able to detect the kind of document, you can specify the kind of document that you are trying to open by clicking on the Open File As Type bar. This will present a list of the possible file formats that Abiword is able to read.
If the document that you want to open is not in the current directory (the default directory will be the home directory of the account you are currently viewing with the Open File dialogue box.
You can do this by clicking on the directories in the Directories box which is on the left hand side of the Open File dialogue box. If you click the .. directory, you will be taken up one level to the previous directory, and any directories that are accessable from there will then be displayed in the Directories box.
Click on the file that you want to open
Click the OK button.
Exporting an Abiword document to another format
Open the document that you want to save to an alternative format.
Pull down the File menu and choose Save As.
The following dialogue box will be displayed
Click on the Save file as type button.
A list will be displayed on the screen with a series of alternative file formats.
Choose the file format that you want to save your document as (for example, if you want to save in Microsoft Word format, choose the Microsoft Word option about a quater down from the top of the list..
Click the OK button.
The document is saved.
Printing your document
Make sure the document is open in Abiword.
Click on the File menu and choose the Print option.
The print dialogue box will be displayed on screen.
Select from the following options in the Print dialogue box.
Item Description
Printer This will tell the computer to send the print job to the printer. This is as opposed to the File option described below.
File If you select this option, the output of the printing operation will be sent to a file on disk, rather than to the actual printer
Printer Command By default this will be lpr. This is correct for 99% of cases.
All If this option is selected, the entire document will be printed.
From/To The first and last page to print. If the toggle-button next to the From field is selected, Abiword will print all pages starting from the page number entered in the From field and ending at the page number entered into the To field.
Selection If you select this option, then only the text that has been highlighted will be printed.
Collate This will tell Abiword to collate the document that it is about to print. For example, if you were printing 10 copies of a document, this would cause it to print 10 copies of page 1, followed by 10 copies of page 2, and so on.
Embed Fonts Choosing this option will cause Abiword to embed the information about the fonts into the document itself, so that the printer does not have to have seperate information about the available fonts.
Copies This field specifies how many copies of the document will be printed. By default this will be one, but if you want more than one copy, enter the number of copies you want into this field.
Print in: This option allows you to select the colours that you want your document printed in. Selecting the Colour option will only work if you have a (properly configured) colour printer connected to your computer. The other alternatives are Black & White which as the name suggests, will print the document purely in black-and-white. The grey-scale option allows Abiword to interpret any different coloured text in your document as various shades of grey. This can be useful when printing graphics or multi-coloured text to a black and white printer.
Print Clicking this button will send the document to the printer.
Cancel Clicking this button will cancel the print job.
Click the Print button when you are ready (or Cancel to abort).
Text formatting
Abiword allows you to change the appearance of your text in a number of ways. You can select rom a number of fonts, sizes, as well as choosing effects such as bold text, italics, underlining, and so on. You can also change the colour of the text foreground and background.
Setting formats for existing text
Abiword allows you to change the format of existing text. This is done by first highlighting the text that you want to change, and then applying one or more formatting commands to the highlighted text. Whenever you have text highlighted in Abiword, any commands that you choose will be applied only to the formatted text.
There are two ways to highlight text. One way is to use the mouse, the other uses the keyboard.
To highlight text using the keyboard:
Use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the beginning point where you want to begin selecting text.
Hold down the <Shift> key and use the arrow keys to move the cursor to the end of the text that you wish to select.
You will notice that the text background of the selected text is shaded a different colour.
After you have selected the desired text, any formatting commands that you select from the menu or toolbars will be applied only to the selected text.
To highlight text using the mouse
Use the mouse to move the mouse pointer to the beginning of the text that you want to highlight.
Hold down the left mouse button, and then move the mouse pointer to the end of the text that you want to highlight.
You will notice that the text background of the selected text is shaded a different colour.
After you have selected the desired text, any formatting commands that you select from the menu or toolbars will be applied only to the selected text.
Paragraph Formatting
Abiword allows you to change the way paragraphs are handled.
Using predefined paragraph formats
If you look at the formatting toolbar, you will note that it displays formatting information about the text where the cursor is.
By default, it will be set to Times New Roman, 12, and the word Normal will be displayed next to the left of the font selector field.
However there are a number of other built in paragraph types (other than Normal) which can be useful when putting together a document.
If you click on the button to the right of the Paragraph type field, a list will be displayed of various paragraph formats as shown below.
These provide predefined formatting for the paragraphs for your document. For example, if you want to produce a bulleted list, rather than manually creating the bullet symbols, you can simply choose the Bullet List format.
Another particularly useful paragraph format are the numbered list formats. These keep track of the numbers when you have a numbered list. This avoids the problem of having to manually update all of the numbers if you add items to a list.
To start a new list, all that is required is to click on the button and choose Numbered List. The numbering will subsequently start from 1. and continue until there is a paragraph
There are a number of other formats as well, including bulleted lists, numbered lists. tick lists and so on. To select a paragraph format, click on the down arrow next to the format list and choose the format that you desire.
Advanced Features
This section will eventually describe some of the more advanced features of Abiword. For the moment, this section contains only a terse description of a few of the extra features that appear to be planned for Abiword. Futher detail can be found in the Abiword help system.
Scripts
At the time of writing, the Scripts feature of Abiword appears to be incomplete. However it seems to be based on the PERL programming language. A description of PERL is beyond the scope of this document. This section will be filled out in more detail as Abiword progresses.
Since the abiword documents are saved using an XML format, it should be fairly straightforward to use PERL to manipulate abiword documents, assuming you have a knowledge of PERL. For most users however this feature can be safely ignored.
Plugins
Plugins allow you to add customised features to Abiword seperate from the main program. There are a number of plugins that can be downloaded from the Abiword web-site http://www.abisource.com/.
To install a plugin into Abiword:
Download the plugin from the internet and store it in a directory
For the purpose of this exercise we will assume that the plugin has been stored in your home directory of /home/guest.
Click on the Tools menu and select the Plugins option.
The Abiword Plugin Manager dialogue box will be displayed.
Click on the Install new plugin button.
The following dialogue box is displayed.
Select the plugin that you want to install.
Click the OK button.
The plugin will be installed.
Appendix 1: Menu Commands
The following sections describe the functions of each of the commands that can be accessed using the menu bar.
File Menu
The File menu provides the following commands:
Menu Name Menu Purpose
New If you choose this command, Abiword will start a fresh document.
Open This command allows you to load an existing document into the wordprocessor.
Save This command will save the currently open document to disk.
Save As This command allows you to save the currently open document to disk with a different name, or different format.
Import If you choose this command you will be able to load a document that was written using a different word processor into Abiword.
Export This command allows you to save your document using one of many alternative file formats. You would typically do this if you wanted to give your document to someone who uses a different word processing program that has a different file format.
Revert This feature will revert the document to the version of the document when it was opened, prior to any changes being made.
Page Setup This command allows you to specify such things as the size of the paper onto which you will be printing. It also allows you to set the size of your margins, and whether you want your document to come out on the paper in landscape or portrait format. If you choose portrait, then the top and bottom edges of your document will be the shorter edge of the paper. If you choose landscape, then the top and bottom of the page will be the long edge of the paper.
Print This command will send the document that you have open to the printer.
Close This command will close the currently open document.
Exit This command will close the Abiword program.
The Edit menu
Menu Name Menu Purpose
Undo This command will change the document back to the state before you performed the last command.
Redo This command will re-apply the command that you have just undone.
Cut This command will remove the currently selected text and store it in memory. You can then insert this back into the document at some other location by using the Paste command.
Copy Selecting this command will place the currently selected text into memory without removing it from its current location. It can then be pasted at any other point in the document.
Paste This command will insert whatever you have stored in the clipboard memory into the document where the cursor is currently located.
Paste Unformatted This is similar to the Paste command, except that it does not include any formatting information such as the font, or whether the text was bold or underlined.
Clear This command will delete the currently selected text. The same command can be performed by pressing the Del key on the keyboard.
Select All This command will select all of the text in the entire document. This command is useful when you want to apply some formatting to the entire document. For example if you want to change the font for all of the text in the document, choosing this command allows you to select all of the text with a single command.
Find This command will display a dialogue box that allows you to search through the document for words that you specify.
Replace This command displays a dialogue box that allows you to replace any occurences of a particular word with a different word.
Go to This command allows you to move the cursor directly to a particular location in the document.
Edit Header If you choose this command, Abiword will allow you to edit the document's header. This is the margin between the top of the page and the point at which the text begins. The header is most often used to display the name of the document that you are working on. If you edit the header, it will be the same on every page of the document.
Edit Footer This command allows you to edit the document's footer. This is the margin between the bottom of the text and the bottom edge of the paper. This is most often used to display the page numbers on your document.
Remove Header If you choose this command, the header will be deleted.
Remove Footer This command will delete the footer from the document.
The View Menu
Menu Name Menu Purpose
Normal Layout This presents the document mostly as it will appear on the printed page, however the margins are not shown in order to save screen space. Also, new pages are marked with a line across the screen rather than a graphical representation of the edge of the paper.
Web Layout If you choose this option, the document will be displayed on-screen as though it were a web page. This is useful if you are creating your document to be published on the World Wide Web.
Print Layout This feature will display the document on-screen in exactly the same way as it will appear on the printed page. The edges of the paper will be shown. This is particularly useful when checking the layout of your document prior to printing it.
Toolbars This feature allows you to toggle which toolbars you wish to have displayed.
Show Ruler This option allows you to toggle the ruler bar on and off.
Show Status Bar This will toggle the status bar at the bottom of the screen.
Show Formatting Marks When enabled, this feature will show symbols for characters that are not normally visible, such as the tab's, spaces and end-of-paragraph markers. This can be particularly useful when doing detailed formatting of the document.
Full Screen This feature allows you to view the document using the entire window - without any toolbars, rulers or other parts of the screen. This is particularly useful when you wish to do lots of editing that requires seeing as much of the document as possible.
Zoom This feature allows you to choose how large you want the document displayed. You can choose to view the entire page width on a single screen - or an entire page on a single screen. Alternately, you can choose to have a very close-up view of the document. These different views are useful when you wish to see how the entire page is laid out or if you want to see a certain section up-close.
The Insert Menu
The insert menu allows you to insert pictures, calculated fields and other special formatting into your document. It has the following options:
Menu Name Menu Purpose
Break This allows you to insert different kinds of breaks into the document. For example, Page Break's, which cause the text to start on the next (new) page. Section breaks allow you to have different sections to your document with different kinds of paragraph formatting. Column breaks allow you to go immediately to the next coloumn; this can be used when writing a document with more than one column of text on a page.
Page Numbers If you choose this option, a special "field" will be inserted at the cursor point into your document that displays the current page number. This is most often used to insert page numbers into your header or footer. You do not then need to keep track of what page your are typing on since the field automatically displays whatever page it exists on.
Date and Time This is another kind of calculated field. If you select this option the current date and time will be inserted into your document. This will be updated each time the document is opened on a different day. This is particularly useful when you want to know when a document is printed. If you insert one of these fields into the document, you wil always know how old a copy of a document is, since it will have on it, the date that it was printed out.
Field Choosing this command allows you to insert a field into your document. A field is a section of text that is automatically updated by the computer. For instance the date/time field is the most commonly used field. The computer updates this each time the document is opened, so for example, if you print out the document it will always have the date and time that it was printed on the document. Hence you can see immediately how out of date the document is.
Symbol This command allows you to insert special symbols into your document. Examples of special symbols includes mathematical symbols such as p or the various greek characters used extensively in the mathematical domain.
Autotext This feature allows you to insert predefined sections of text into your document without the need to type them out fully.
Insert File This allows you to insert the entire contents of a file into your document at the cursor location.
Bookmark This allows you to insert a "Bookmark" into your document. Once you have inserted a bookmark into your document you can insert links to that point in the document from any other point in any other document.
Hyperlink This command will insert a hyperlink into your document. Hyperlinks allow you to jump directly to a defined bookmark in a document, in the same way that you can jump to different points on the World Wide Web using internet links.
Picture This command will allow you to insert a picture into your document.
The Format Menu
The format menu allows you to apply different styles to the text in your document. The format menu provides the following commands:
Menu Name Menu Purpose
Font This menu allows you to choose the font of the text in your document.
Paragraph This allows you to choose formatting for your paragraph. For example, you can choose how the paragraph is indented, whether there is a hanging indent and a range of other options.
Bullets and Numbering This feature allows you to have bullets or numbered paragraphs in your document.
Document This item allows you to choose formatting options that apply to the entire document such as the size of the paper or whether it is orientation is portrait or landscape.
Columns This feature allows you to set up your document so that there are multiple columns of text on the page.
Headers and Footers By selecting this option, you are presented with a series of options relating to the headers and footers in your document
Tabs Choosing this menu item allows you to set various options relating to the tabs in your document.
Change Case This option is useful if you ever want to change the case of text in your document from all lower-case, into all upper-case or visa-versa. It will change the case of all characters in a selected section of text in a single operation.
Align This feature allows you to determine the alignment of your text - whether it is centered, left-aligned, right-aligned or justified.
Text Formatting This allows you to choose whether the text is underlined, bolded, or has a number of other possible formats applied to it.
Background This allows you to choose the background colour of your document.
Style This allows you to define the various styles that are available to you. A style is a predefined set of formats that can be applied to a piece of text in a single operation.
The Tools Menu
The tools menu provides features such as spell-checking and preferences that do not necessarily change the look of a document but are nonetheless useful. Preferences allow you to modify the way that Abiword works. The spelling feature allows you to automatically check your document for spelling errors.
The tools menu provides the following features:
Menu Name Menu Purpose
Spelling This option will check the words in your document against a dictionary of words. If it finds a word that it does not have in its dictionary it will provide a prompt for the user to confirm whether the word is correct. It usually also provides a list of possible words that the user may have meant when typing the word concerned.
Set Language This allows you to set the language that will be used to determine the correct spelling of words in your document.
Word Count This will calculate the number of words in the document.
Plugins This menu command will allow you to add extra functions into the word processor. This feature does not seem to work yet.
Scripts Most modern word processors allow you to record a sequence of commands in what is called a "macro". This means that if you find yourself performing the same sequence of commands on a regular basis, by recording that sequence of commands in a macro you can then play back the commands instead of having to peroform each of them manually. This can save a great deal of time. This feature does not seem to work yet.
Preferences This option will allow you to set various options relating to how Abiword will function.
The Window Menu
The window menu provides commands relating to the windows that Abiword displays on the screen. It has the following options:
Menu Name Menu Purpose
New Window This command will create a new window containing the same document. This is often useful when you want to be able to quickly switch between different parts of the same document.
Subsequently in the window menu, you will find an entry for each document that you currently have open in Abiword. By selecting the document in this menu you can bring that document to the foreground.
The Web Menu
The Web menu provides commands that are useful if you are using Abiword to create a web page. It provides the following features:
Menu Name Menu Purpose
Save as web This command will save the current document as a html web page. This page can then be read by a web browser.
Preview web page If you select this feature, Abiword will display your document as it would appear on a web browser if you were to save it as a web document.
The Help Menu
This menu provides facilities relating to the help features of Abiword. It also provides links to other information on the internet. It provides the following features:
Menu Name Menu Purpose
Help Contents Choosing this command will display the table of contents for the Abiword Help system.
Help Index
Appendix 2: GNU Free Documentation License
The GNU FreeDocumentation License
Version 1.1, March 2000
Copyright (C) 2000 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other written document "free" in the sense of freedom: to assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it, with or without modifying it, either commercially or noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense. It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for free software, because free software needs free documentation: a free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms that the software does. But this License is not limited to software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can be distributed under the terms of this License. The "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".
A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with modifications and/or translated into another language.
A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could fall directly within that overall subject. (For example, if the Document is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position regarding them.
The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy, represented in a format whose specification is available to the general public, whose contents can be viewed and edited directly and straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an otherwise Transparent file format whose markup has been designed to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by readers is not Transparent. A copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format, SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming simple HTML designed for human modification. Opaque formats include PostScript, PDF, proprietary formats that can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and the machine-generated HTML produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself, plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the material this License requires to appear in the title page. For works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However, you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the conditions in section 3. You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above, and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies of the Document numbering more than 100, and the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The front cover must present the full title with all words of the title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto adjacent
pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with each Opaque copy a publicly-accessible computer-network location containing a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free of added material, which the general network-using public has access to download anonymously at no charge using public-standard network protocols. If you use the latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the History section of the Document). You may use the same title as a previous version if the original publisher of that version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in the Modified Version, together with at least five of the principal authors of the Document (all of its principal authors, if it has less than five).
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license notice giving the public permission to use the Modified Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section entitled "History", and its title, and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the Title Page. If there is no section entitled "History" in the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and likewise the network locations given in the Document for previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a work that was published at least four years before the Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers to gives permission.
K. In any section entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications", preserve the section's title, and preserve in the section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section entitled "Endorsements". Such a section may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section as "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant Section.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other section titles.
You may add a section entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text has been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text, and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added the old one. The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents, unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your combined work in its license notice.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name but different contents, make the title of each such section unique by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the combined work. In the combination, you must combine any sections entitled "History" in the various original documents, forming one section entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections entitled "Acknowledgements", and any sections entitled "Dedications". You must delete all sections entitled "Endorsements."
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other documents released under this License, and replace the individual copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents in all other respects. You may extract a single document from such a collection, and distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a storage or distribution medium, does not as a whole count as a Modified Version of the Document, provided no compilation copyright is claimed for the compilation. Such a compilation is called an "aggregate", and this License does not apply to the other self-contained works thus compiled with the Document, on account of their being thus compiled, if they are not themselves derivative works of the Document. If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one quarter of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed on covers that surround only the Document within the aggregate. Otherwise they must appear on covers around the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special permission from their copyright holders, but you may include translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a translation of this License provided that you also include the original English version of this License. In case of a disagreement between the translation and the original English version of this License, the original English version will prevail.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights, from you under this License will not have their licenses terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
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ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
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Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts being LIST. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
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